一、商務(wù)英語閱讀 （閱讀下面的短文，對 10 個題目進行判斷，每道題正確答案只有一個。每小題 2.5 分，共 25 分）
When Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1 he would abolish the practice of tipping（付小 費 ） at Per-Se., his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping——as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping, it seems to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a little French.

But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.

Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. “Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job” is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.

Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers’ assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.

Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—— in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers.

What’s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call “upwelling”: every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key quality service often goes unrecognized.

In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter . In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service .

1. It may be inferred that a European-style service______. A. is tipping-free B. charges little tip C. is the author’s initiative D. is offered at Per-Se
2. Which of the following is NOT true according to the author . A. Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world. B. Waiters don’t care about tipping C. Customers generally believe in tipping. D. Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.
3. According to Michael Lynn’s studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they______ A. have performed good service B. frequently refill customers’ water glass C. win customers’ favor D. serve customers of the same sex
4. We may infer from the context that “upwelling” (Line 2, Para 6) probably means ________ A. selling something up B. selling something fancy C. selling something unnecessary D. selling something more expens ive
5. This passage is mainly about __________ A. reasons to abolish the practice of tipping B. economic sense of tipping C. consumers’ attitudes towards tipping D. tipping for good service

It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the group’s standards of behavior and thinking. Many illustrations could be given of this from everyday life, but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extent to which people’s judgments and opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure. Asch and others noticed that people in a group will agree to statements that are contrary to the evidence of their senses. It would be a mistake to think that only particular changeable people are chosen to take part in experiments of this type. Usually highly intelligent and independent people are used.

In a typical experiment, this is what may happen. The experimenter asks for volunteers to join a ggroup which is investigating visual perception. The victims are not, therefore, aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a group of about seven people who are collaborating with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card, one is shorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of the wrong lines. When his turn comes he is faced with the unanimous opinion of the rest of the group—all the others have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do? According to Asch, more than half of the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that, when interviewed about their answers, most explained that they know the group choice was incorrect but that they yield to the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering from an optical illusion, or because they were afraid of being different.

1. The psychologists are particularly interested in_______. A. the changes in the attitudes of the people B. the degree of changes of people’s opinions C. the result of the experiment D. the difference in people’s characters
2. People who are usually chosen to take part in the experiments are_______. A. stubborn and independent B. knowledgeable C. ignorant and docile D. capable of reasoning
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The experimenter and all the members of the group except the victim know the purpose of the experiment. B. All of them know the purpose of the experiment. C. Only the experimenter knows the purpose of the experiment. D. Only the victim knows the purpose of the experiment.
4. More than half of the victims changed their opinion because_______. A. someone in the group changed their opinion B. they thought their eyes must be deceived C. they thought the group choice was correct. D. they had been told about the answer
5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to_______. A. illustrate the influence of the group’s pressure on individual’s behavior B. invite more volunteers to join in Asch’s experiment C. tell the audience how to perform psychological experiment D. encourage people to act against the group’s opinion

答案： 商務(wù)英語閱讀 A B C C A B D C B A
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